LATIN AMERICA
As I wrote about Europe or Asia, Latin Amercia is a diverse as those others. It is imposibe to stablish how "latin americans" act, behave or do busieness for example. It depends on the specific region, or specific country that such questions can be answered. There are some definitions that are very particular because they try to define what is Latin America but as it is obvious is not a easy topic.
“Latin America includes Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean countries of Cuba and the Dominican Republic.”
“Region of the Americas where Romance languages are spoken”
“The areas which Spain and Portugal colonized in the Americas.”
“The countries of Central and South America (including Mexico, but excluding the Caribbean countries).”
Some important facts of latin America:
It counts with 21 different countries with about 21million km2, and about 570 million people. Population :569 million
I am not going to talk about a specific country in the region, by the contrary I would like to know more about the whole region in general and the ECLAC (Economic Comission for Latin America and the Caribean).
This was what I found:
LATIN AMERICA (ECLAC)
"The Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) -the Spanish acronym is CEPAL- was established by Economic and Social Council resolution 106(VI) of 25 February 1948 and began to function that same year. The scope of the Commission's work was later broadened to include the countries of the Caribbean, and by resolution 1984/67 of 27 July 1984, the Economic Council decided to change its name to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); the Spanish acronym, CEPAL, remains unchanged.
ECLAC, which is headquartered in Santiago, Chile, is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. It was founded with the purpose of contributing to the economic development of Latin America, coordinating actions directed towards this end, and reinforcing economic ties among countries and with other nations of the world. The promotion of the region's social development was later included among its primary objectives".
Member States:
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Granadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay, and
Venezuela
Associate members:
Anguilla, Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos Islands, and United States Virgin Islands.
Mandate and Mission
"The secretariat of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC):
(a) Provides substantive secretariat services and documentation for the Commission and its subsidiary bodies;
(b) Undertakes studies, research and other support activities within the terms of reference of the Commission;
(c) Promotes economic and social development through regional and subregional cooperation and integration;
(d) Gathers, organizes, interprets and disseminates information and data relating to the economic and social development of the region;
(e) Provides advisory services to Governments at their request and plans, organizes and executes programmes of technical cooperation;
(f) Formulates and promotes development cooperation activities and projects of regional and subregional scope commensurate with the needs and priorities of the region and acts as an executing agency for such projects;
(g) Organizes conferences and intergovernmental and expert group meetings and sponsors training workshops, symposia and seminars;
(h) Assists in bringing a regional perspective to global problems and forums and introduces global concerns at the regional and subregional levels;
(i) Coordinates ECLAC activities with those of the major departments and offices at United Nations Headquarters, specialized agencies and intergovernmental organizations with a view to avoiding duplication and ensuring complementarity in the exchange of information".
The information was taken from: http://www.eclac.org/default.asp?idioma=IN
jueves, 20 de mayo de 2010
viernes, 14 de mayo de 2010
NORTH AMERICA
The continent of Norh America is componed by Bermuda, Canada, Clipperton island, Greenland, Mexico, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and the United States. It is the third largest continent in area after Asia and Africa, and the fourth largest in operation.
UNITED STATES.
For historical documents, Americans presidents, achievements and further information about what is happening know in the United States, visit the web page of the government of the United States: www.usa.gov,
Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation state. Over a span of more than five decades, the economy has achieved steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.
Some of the characteristics of the citizens of the United States are: Self-centered, aggressive, nationalistic, arrogant, jump to conclusions, they usually don’t respect cultural differences and some others.
We can refer to Americans through the Football metaphor it reflects their American culture and also the manner in which business is practice by Americans.
The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace.
And from the class presentation.
THE HP WAY
In the early 1990´s HP was passing through a successful time in history, it has a reputation of being one of the most forward thinking companies of the world. It was the best choice for employees and their way to manage the company had a huge impact on other companies.
The HP way involved a participative management style; the success of the company was reattributed to the commitment to their employees. Core values are essential for the employees and for the company; HP is considered one of the companies more secure for jobs.
The main strategies implemented by HP to sustain their organizational culture are :
One of the most important tool for the company was to tell histories in order to convey the employees to the corporate culture, all of the histories had a message in order to everyone to personify the company, is a way of guiding their values, also the employees had an MBO that is called management of objectives which purpose was to divide responsibilities. The Hp purpose when creating the corporate personnel department was to maintain a common purpose within a framework ofFreedom of method and divisional autonomy depended heavily on the openness, trust and cooperation inherent in the HP Way. The employees are hired for life, that’s the idea, the long term recruiting.
Communication was key to transmit and maintain the corporate culture, for example the ¨open door¨ principle that allows the communication and integration between all the members of the company from the junior employees to the senior managers. Freedom and the relax atmosphere incentives the personnel to work better.
In 2001, Carly Fiorina was facing a huge dillemma in terms of organisational culture. "Should Fiorina try to revitalize the HP way or attempt to replace it with a “better” culture than the one established by Dave Packard and Bill Hewlett in the 1940’s?". Explain your answer.
Keeping the HP way is a huge challenge for the company, it is necessary to do it because more than a way it is consider a tradition, this method highly motivates the workers and incentive others to work in the company because of the job security. The core values and the corporate organizational culture are the base for the company and the development, the think is that they have to work with each market and it depends on each process. (each internationalization is different from other). The changes must improve and be better that what they have today in order to keep their strong corporate culture and stay the same and improve.
*Forster, Nick. 2002. “Managing excellence through corporate culture: the HP way” The Management Case Study Journal 2(1): 13-25
An interesting video to watch about Hewlett Packard:
Information taken from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html.
UNITED STATES.
For historical documents, Americans presidents, achievements and further information about what is happening know in the United States, visit the web page of the government of the United States: www.usa.gov,
Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation state. Over a span of more than five decades, the economy has achieved steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.
Some of the characteristics of the citizens of the United States are: Self-centered, aggressive, nationalistic, arrogant, jump to conclusions, they usually don’t respect cultural differences and some others.
We can refer to Americans through the Football metaphor it reflects their American culture and also the manner in which business is practice by Americans.
The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with In this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace.
And from the class presentation.
THE HP WAY
In the early 1990´s HP was passing through a successful time in history, it has a reputation of being one of the most forward thinking companies of the world. It was the best choice for employees and their way to manage the company had a huge impact on other companies.
The HP way involved a participative management style; the success of the company was reattributed to the commitment to their employees. Core values are essential for the employees and for the company; HP is considered one of the companies more secure for jobs.
The main strategies implemented by HP to sustain their organizational culture are :
One of the most important tool for the company was to tell histories in order to convey the employees to the corporate culture, all of the histories had a message in order to everyone to personify the company, is a way of guiding their values, also the employees had an MBO that is called management of objectives which purpose was to divide responsibilities. The Hp purpose when creating the corporate personnel department was to maintain a common purpose within a framework ofFreedom of method and divisional autonomy depended heavily on the openness, trust and cooperation inherent in the HP Way. The employees are hired for life, that’s the idea, the long term recruiting.
Communication was key to transmit and maintain the corporate culture, for example the ¨open door¨ principle that allows the communication and integration between all the members of the company from the junior employees to the senior managers. Freedom and the relax atmosphere incentives the personnel to work better.
In 2001, Carly Fiorina was facing a huge dillemma in terms of organisational culture. "Should Fiorina try to revitalize the HP way or attempt to replace it with a “better” culture than the one established by Dave Packard and Bill Hewlett in the 1940’s?". Explain your answer.
Keeping the HP way is a huge challenge for the company, it is necessary to do it because more than a way it is consider a tradition, this method highly motivates the workers and incentive others to work in the company because of the job security. The core values and the corporate organizational culture are the base for the company and the development, the think is that they have to work with each market and it depends on each process. (each internationalization is different from other). The changes must improve and be better that what they have today in order to keep their strong corporate culture and stay the same and improve.
*Forster, Nick. 2002. “Managing excellence through corporate culture: the HP way” The Management Case Study Journal 2(1): 13-25
An interesting video to watch about Hewlett Packard:
Information taken from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html.
MIDDLE EAST & THE ISLAMIC BANKING SYSTEM
The Middle East has always been a centre for world affairs throughout history and also nowadays. It is the historical origin of the three big Monotheistic religions. Judaism, Islamism and Christianism. In modern times the Middle East remains a strategically, economically, politically, culturally and religiously sensitive region.
Islam is a very rigorous religion, The word Islam means 'submission to the will of God', this religion is consider one of the mayors of the world, the followers of Islam are called Muslims.
Explain what Islamic Banking is and its background
.
For the Muslims the Islamic Financial system is considered ethical, because Islam has some premises of how people have to be to others, and they must act consequently with some principles.
The Islamic banking is a bank system that fulfills the Muslims principles and follows the rules of the Islam religion, that in some way it could be develop or done through the economics, the principles which emphasize moral and ethical values in all dealings have wide universal appeal. The bank system operates as any other but with the exception that will follows the rules implanted by the Islam religion. (Specially the ones on transactions and interests).
The Islamic finance was practiced in the Muslim world throughout the Middle Ages, fostering trade and business activities. Its origins data to the very beginning of Islam with the trading operations and the businesses done at that time, (the daily operations). The most important factor of productions are; labor capital and entrepreneurship, the capital-owner contributed the money and the partner managed the business, with each sharing profits and when losses the one that was damage was the capital provider.
What are the key principles of Islamic banking?
Principles are based on common sense, morality, ethics which are the background or the basis for many religions besides the Islam. The Islamic banking makes it different from others because their principles follows the principles of the religion, in order for the Muslims not to feel that they are doing something against their principles and beliefs. They do business in order to benefit the humanity. Trust, justice, honesty and respect, are some values of the Islam that are highly important when doing business.
Islamic economics is a complete system of social and economic justice. It deals with property rights, the incentive system, and the allocation of resources, economic freedom and decision-making and the proper role of government.
Islamic law forbids institutions from charging interests on loans. How do they make profits when lending money?
Some of the Islam beliefs is that there is no arguable reason for a person to increase in wealth from the use of his money by another, unless he is prepared to expose his wealth to the risk of loss also. Profit is seen as secondary when doing businesses it doesn’t reflect the efficiency.
Islam sees true profit as a return for effort and objects to money being placed on a pedestal above labor, the other factor in production.
As long as the owner of money is willing to become a shareholder in the enterprise and expose his money to the risk of loss, he is entitled to receive a just proportion of the profits and not merely a merely nominal share based on the prevailing interest rate.
The most remarkably difference between Islamic banking and other banking institutes which respects that the cost of capital in interest-based banking is a predetermined fixed rate, while in Islamic banking; it is expressed as a ratio of profit.
Money is an asset that tends to be viewed and used just as a medium of exchange. Interest are seen as they can make misunderstandings and to injustice and to the a damage in the society; There is no real 'lending' in Islam since all 'lenders' obtain ownership interests in the assets that they finance, or earn a profit-share or purely fee-based remuneration. In order for an Islamic bank to earn a return on money lent, it is necessary to obtain an equity, or ownership, interest in a non-monetary asset. This requires the lender to also participate in the sharing of risk.
Explain the concept of ethical investments under Islamic law. Who is to determine whether an activity is allowed or not?
The concept of ethical investment refers to the investment or the use of the banking system but following the principles of Islam, is the only way Muslims can operate in the system.
The important principles for Islamic financial instruments for participation and investments that require strict adherence, while providing good returns, are:
• Investments must be free of interest, speculation and gambling, all are considered as forms of exploitation
• Investments are made in permissible activities
• Investments must be separately approved by an independent Shari’ah supervisory board to ensure Shari’ah principles are strictly adhered to and deviations and wayward business practice penalised, for example in Islamic finance requires penalties to be paid to charity.
"The ethical principles on which Islamic finance is based may bring banks closer to their clients and to the true spirit which should mark every financial service
Islamic financial institutions must adhere to the best practices of corporate governance however they have one extra layer of supervision in the form of religious boards. The religious boards have both supervisory and consultative functions. Since the Shari’h scholars on the religious boards carry great responsibility, it is important that only high calibre scholars are appointed to the religious boards.
How does Islamic banking influence the economy in the Middle East?
Islamic banks are evolving financial and investment instruments that are not only profitable but are also ethically motivated. It influence the economy by giving trust to all the participants of the operations, The Middle East region has seen exceptional growth in terms of both institutions providing Islamic financial services and assets under management. The Middle East is one of the most developed Islamic banking markets. The Islamic banking is the proper choice for all the muslins who wants to be active in the economy and wants also to follow their religion basically their principles.
What is the future of Islamic Banking in terms of global expansion and growth?
Nowadays the Islamic banking is growing rapidly, mostly where muslims are located or where the Islam is practice, for example in Europe there is now various islamic banking institutions in order to fulfill the needs of the muslims there and in order to them to participate in the economy. It will expand and growth because Muslims are now aware that they can invest and use the banks without dissappointing their beliefs and religion.
Information taken from:
http://www.islamic-banking.com/what_is_ibanking.aspx.
Image taken from:
www.keepnetflixprofiles.org/tag/conventional-bank
Some links related and useful to the topic: http://www.isdb.org/ and www.toutounchian.com
Islam is a very rigorous religion, The word Islam means 'submission to the will of God', this religion is consider one of the mayors of the world, the followers of Islam are called Muslims.
Explain what Islamic Banking is and its background
.
For the Muslims the Islamic Financial system is considered ethical, because Islam has some premises of how people have to be to others, and they must act consequently with some principles.
The Islamic banking is a bank system that fulfills the Muslims principles and follows the rules of the Islam religion, that in some way it could be develop or done through the economics, the principles which emphasize moral and ethical values in all dealings have wide universal appeal. The bank system operates as any other but with the exception that will follows the rules implanted by the Islam religion. (Specially the ones on transactions and interests).
The Islamic finance was practiced in the Muslim world throughout the Middle Ages, fostering trade and business activities. Its origins data to the very beginning of Islam with the trading operations and the businesses done at that time, (the daily operations). The most important factor of productions are; labor capital and entrepreneurship, the capital-owner contributed the money and the partner managed the business, with each sharing profits and when losses the one that was damage was the capital provider.
What are the key principles of Islamic banking?
Principles are based on common sense, morality, ethics which are the background or the basis for many religions besides the Islam. The Islamic banking makes it different from others because their principles follows the principles of the religion, in order for the Muslims not to feel that they are doing something against their principles and beliefs. They do business in order to benefit the humanity. Trust, justice, honesty and respect, are some values of the Islam that are highly important when doing business.
Islamic economics is a complete system of social and economic justice. It deals with property rights, the incentive system, and the allocation of resources, economic freedom and decision-making and the proper role of government.
Islamic law forbids institutions from charging interests on loans. How do they make profits when lending money?
Some of the Islam beliefs is that there is no arguable reason for a person to increase in wealth from the use of his money by another, unless he is prepared to expose his wealth to the risk of loss also. Profit is seen as secondary when doing businesses it doesn’t reflect the efficiency.
Islam sees true profit as a return for effort and objects to money being placed on a pedestal above labor, the other factor in production.
As long as the owner of money is willing to become a shareholder in the enterprise and expose his money to the risk of loss, he is entitled to receive a just proportion of the profits and not merely a merely nominal share based on the prevailing interest rate.
The most remarkably difference between Islamic banking and other banking institutes which respects that the cost of capital in interest-based banking is a predetermined fixed rate, while in Islamic banking; it is expressed as a ratio of profit.
Money is an asset that tends to be viewed and used just as a medium of exchange. Interest are seen as they can make misunderstandings and to injustice and to the a damage in the society; There is no real 'lending' in Islam since all 'lenders' obtain ownership interests in the assets that they finance, or earn a profit-share or purely fee-based remuneration. In order for an Islamic bank to earn a return on money lent, it is necessary to obtain an equity, or ownership, interest in a non-monetary asset. This requires the lender to also participate in the sharing of risk.
Explain the concept of ethical investments under Islamic law. Who is to determine whether an activity is allowed or not?
The concept of ethical investment refers to the investment or the use of the banking system but following the principles of Islam, is the only way Muslims can operate in the system.
The important principles for Islamic financial instruments for participation and investments that require strict adherence, while providing good returns, are:
• Investments must be free of interest, speculation and gambling, all are considered as forms of exploitation
• Investments are made in permissible activities
• Investments must be separately approved by an independent Shari’ah supervisory board to ensure Shari’ah principles are strictly adhered to and deviations and wayward business practice penalised, for example in Islamic finance requires penalties to be paid to charity.
"The ethical principles on which Islamic finance is based may bring banks closer to their clients and to the true spirit which should mark every financial service
Islamic financial institutions must adhere to the best practices of corporate governance however they have one extra layer of supervision in the form of religious boards. The religious boards have both supervisory and consultative functions. Since the Shari’h scholars on the religious boards carry great responsibility, it is important that only high calibre scholars are appointed to the religious boards.
How does Islamic banking influence the economy in the Middle East?
Islamic banks are evolving financial and investment instruments that are not only profitable but are also ethically motivated. It influence the economy by giving trust to all the participants of the operations, The Middle East region has seen exceptional growth in terms of both institutions providing Islamic financial services and assets under management. The Middle East is one of the most developed Islamic banking markets. The Islamic banking is the proper choice for all the muslins who wants to be active in the economy and wants also to follow their religion basically their principles.
What is the future of Islamic Banking in terms of global expansion and growth?
Nowadays the Islamic banking is growing rapidly, mostly where muslims are located or where the Islam is practice, for example in Europe there is now various islamic banking institutions in order to fulfill the needs of the muslims there and in order to them to participate in the economy. It will expand and growth because Muslims are now aware that they can invest and use the banks without dissappointing their beliefs and religion.
Information taken from:
http://www.islamic-banking.com/what_is_ibanking.aspx.
Image taken from:
www.keepnetflixprofiles.org/tag/conventional-bank
Some links related and useful to the topic: http://www.isdb.org/ and www.toutounchian.com
martes, 11 de mayo de 2010
AUSTRALIA & OCEANIA
Canberra is the capital of the Commonwealth of Australia, is a federal democracy with a population of 21,875,000 persons, with an annual population growth rate: 1.7%, some ethnic groups present are: European 92%, Asian 6%, Aboriginal 2%, predominant religions:Catholic 26%, Anglican 19%, other Christian 19%, official language: English.
The continent of Australia, with the island state of Tasmania, is approximately equal in area to the United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii).
The western half of the continent is occupied by a desert plateau that rises into barren, rolling hills near the west coast. The Great Barrier Reef, extending about 1,245 mi (2,000 km), lies along the northeast coast. The island of Tasmania (26,178 sq mi; 67,800 sq km) is off the southeast coast.
The first inhabitants of Australia were the Aborigines, who migrated there at least 40,000 years ago from Southeast Asia.
Australia is considered an isolated country, they count with a cultural diversity, multiculturalism over 140 nationalities live side by side the country, they had suffer a phenomenon of migration over the past 60 years, most of them from Vietnam and Europe and this was because of the wars. It counts with a large area as the United States, most people live in coastal cities and this makes them the people most urbanized on earth.
The tall poppy syndrome refers to describe a social phenomenon in which people of genuine merit are resented, attacked, cut down, or criticized because their talents or achievements elevate them above or distinguish them from their peers, this syndrome is happening constantly on Australia, New Zealand and other countries.
Some of the characteristics of the Australian culture is the egalitarianism, their openness and their individualism.
The Australian corporate culture is highly influenced by the European style. Managers tend to practice a consultative style and the role of the leader is to harness. Businesses in Australia have high tolerance to risk, and Australians don’t show the level of commitment to work than Americans tend to do.
Information taken from the class presentation.
When removed from their families, the children were prepared for “a better life”, how is that true or false when considering different perspectives?
Australia is home to many different Indigenous or Aboriginal clans, also known as Aboriginal nations or tribes. Among the largest and most prominent of the remaining clans are the Pitjantjatjara, Arrernte, Luritja, Tharawal, Wiradjuri, Wonnarua, Alvawarre, Guugu, Yimithirr, Gabi Gabi, and Yorta Yorta Peoples.
All of Australia's Indigenous Peoples are, or were at some point, seminomadic hunters and gathers. As a result, tracking of both animals and plants is considered a particularly important aspect of Aboriginal culture.
Today, 32 percent of Australia's Indigenous community lives in urban areas and 43 percent live in regional centers.
The stolen generation in Australia refers to is a term used to describe those children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were harshly removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments. The removals occurred in the period between approximately 1869 and 1969, although in some places children were still being taken in the 1970s.
In that time children were taken from their families in order to raise them better and give them education and even they used the term protection, and in a way to purify their culture, to me this reflects the situation back in Germany where the Nazis were trying to purify their race, this was not as aggressively as the Germans but it has at the end the same purpose that is to improve their population, ones did it by killing mallards of people and other made it by taken away children from their families and force them to live a life that most of them didn’t want it away from its family.
¨RABBIT PROOF FENCE¨
The movie ¨Rabbit proof fence¨ place the situation of Australian aborigines back In 1931, with the Aborigine Act in Australia, the Chief Protector of Aborigines in the State of Western Australia A.O. Neville had the power to relocate half-caste children from their families to educational centers to give the culture of the white man. When the fourteen year-old aboriginal girl Molly Craig is taken from her mother in Jigalong with her eight year-old sister Daisy Kadibill and their ten year-old cousin Gracie Fields to the distant Moore River Native Center, they run away trying to return to the tribe in the desert. They are chased by the skilled tracker Moodoo and the police under the command of Neville, and have to survive to their long journey back home.
The continent of Australia, with the island state of Tasmania, is approximately equal in area to the United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii).
The western half of the continent is occupied by a desert plateau that rises into barren, rolling hills near the west coast. The Great Barrier Reef, extending about 1,245 mi (2,000 km), lies along the northeast coast. The island of Tasmania (26,178 sq mi; 67,800 sq km) is off the southeast coast.
The first inhabitants of Australia were the Aborigines, who migrated there at least 40,000 years ago from Southeast Asia.
Australia is considered an isolated country, they count with a cultural diversity, multiculturalism over 140 nationalities live side by side the country, they had suffer a phenomenon of migration over the past 60 years, most of them from Vietnam and Europe and this was because of the wars. It counts with a large area as the United States, most people live in coastal cities and this makes them the people most urbanized on earth.
The tall poppy syndrome refers to describe a social phenomenon in which people of genuine merit are resented, attacked, cut down, or criticized because their talents or achievements elevate them above or distinguish them from their peers, this syndrome is happening constantly on Australia, New Zealand and other countries.
Some of the characteristics of the Australian culture is the egalitarianism, their openness and their individualism.
The Australian corporate culture is highly influenced by the European style. Managers tend to practice a consultative style and the role of the leader is to harness. Businesses in Australia have high tolerance to risk, and Australians don’t show the level of commitment to work than Americans tend to do.
Information taken from the class presentation.
When removed from their families, the children were prepared for “a better life”, how is that true or false when considering different perspectives?
Australia is home to many different Indigenous or Aboriginal clans, also known as Aboriginal nations or tribes. Among the largest and most prominent of the remaining clans are the Pitjantjatjara, Arrernte, Luritja, Tharawal, Wiradjuri, Wonnarua, Alvawarre, Guugu, Yimithirr, Gabi Gabi, and Yorta Yorta Peoples.
All of Australia's Indigenous Peoples are, or were at some point, seminomadic hunters and gathers. As a result, tracking of both animals and plants is considered a particularly important aspect of Aboriginal culture.
Today, 32 percent of Australia's Indigenous community lives in urban areas and 43 percent live in regional centers.
The stolen generation in Australia refers to is a term used to describe those children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were harshly removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments. The removals occurred in the period between approximately 1869 and 1969, although in some places children were still being taken in the 1970s.
In that time children were taken from their families in order to raise them better and give them education and even they used the term protection, and in a way to purify their culture, to me this reflects the situation back in Germany where the Nazis were trying to purify their race, this was not as aggressively as the Germans but it has at the end the same purpose that is to improve their population, ones did it by killing mallards of people and other made it by taken away children from their families and force them to live a life that most of them didn’t want it away from its family.
¨RABBIT PROOF FENCE¨
The movie ¨Rabbit proof fence¨ place the situation of Australian aborigines back In 1931, with the Aborigine Act in Australia, the Chief Protector of Aborigines in the State of Western Australia A.O. Neville had the power to relocate half-caste children from their families to educational centers to give the culture of the white man. When the fourteen year-old aboriginal girl Molly Craig is taken from her mother in Jigalong with her eight year-old sister Daisy Kadibill and their ten year-old cousin Gracie Fields to the distant Moore River Native Center, they run away trying to return to the tribe in the desert. They are chased by the skilled tracker Moodoo and the police under the command of Neville, and have to survive to their long journey back home.
EUROPE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION.
Europe is formed by 47 states, diversity is necessarily one of its greatest aspects, if not the most, one of the richest regions of the world. 7 of its countries are the richest in the world: Luxembourg, Norway, Ireland, Andorra, Iceland, Denmark, and Austria.
Other of the region's most amazing elements was the foundation of the European Union, and here is a little history o how it began.
1951: The European Coal and Steel Community is established by the six founding members(Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,Luxembourg, and The Netherlands).
1957: The Treaty of Rome establishes a common market.
1973: The Community expands to nine member states and develops its common policies.
1979: The first direct elections to the European Parliament.
1981: The first Mediterranean enlargement.
1993: Completion of the single market.
1993: The Treaty of Maastricht establishes the European Union.
1995: The EU expands to 15 members.
2002: Euro notes and coins are introduced.
2004: Ten more countries join the Union.
"In economic, trade and monetary terms, the European Union has become a major world power. However, some have described the EU as an economic giant but a political dwarf. This is an exaggeration. It has considerable influence within international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the specialized bodies of the United Nations (UN), and at world summits on the environment and development.
Nevertheless, it is true that the EU and its members have a long way to go, in diplomatic and political terms, before they can speak with one voice on major world issues like peace and stability, relations with the United States, terrorism, the Middle East and the role of the UN Security Council. What is more, the cornerstone of national sovereignty, namely military defence systems, remain in the hands of national governments, whose ties are those forged within alliances such as NATO".
"European integration will continue in the fields in which the member states consider it is in their best interests to work together within the traditional EU framework (on issues like trade, globalization, the single market, regional and social development, research and development, measures to promote growth and jobs and many others.)
The institutional process of updating the rules governing the relations between the member countries and the EU and between the EU and its citizens has recently come to an end. A new treaty, the Lisbon Treaty, has been signed by the EU leaders. If ratified by all member states, it is expected to provide the Union with the legal framework and tools necessary to meet future challenges and citizens’ demands".
According to cultural diversity "Europe is proud of its cultural diversity. Language, literature, theatre, visual arts, architecture, crafts, the cinema and broadcasting may belong to a specific country or region, but they represent part of Europe’s common cultural heritage. The European Union aims to preserve and support this diversity and to help make it accessible to others".
Taken from http://europa.eu/index_en.htm
There is a current discussion around the existence of the co-determinism principle in Germany. Select, define and explain 3 arguments in favor and 3 against such principle.
Co-Determination refers to the voice of the workers, is the rights of the workers because workers are really important to organizations.
Co-Determinism is the right to participate in decision making of the organization within the enterprise whereby employees and their representatives exert influence on decisions, often at a senior level and at a relatively early stage of formulation.
• It operates as a complement
• Stakeholders
• It was born in Germany (is not the only country who shows co-determinism, also Austria and Denmark).
The Co-determination principle was born on 1950´s on the steel and coal industry. And by 1976 became a national law.
The co-determinism principle highly motivates the employees, they feel important and they integrate the entire company, the employees with the supervisors and the board of management (the entire company). With this motivation workers can work better and have much more results, they are willing to protect their rights and their interests. As the employees feel motivated, they are also willing to provide innovation to the company in order to the company success. They could make improve the quality of the supervisory board, by giving advices and because they have a voice they work as if the company were theirs. If all the employees are integrated to the company and feel as part of it it also can lead to a minimization of conflicts.
Some think that co-determination is an old and bureaucratic system, as they employees have more participation in the company it gives more flexibility, it is also very difficult to foreign companies to understand the principle and by then understand the system, this will reduce the investment on the region.
Co-determination is seen as a form of worker participation.
Information taken from the class presentation.
This link will provide more information about co-determination:
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/emire/GERMANY/CODETERMINATION-DE.htm
AFRICA
Africa is the second largest and popular continent in the World, has 53 countries, is very rich in natural resources and has a wide variety of religious beliefs Islam and Christian are predominant. In Africa there are different ethnical groups, multiple indigenous groups, myriad values and beliefs; Africans tend to be highly collectivist.
The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold nine years later brought an influx of “outlanders” into the republics. During the Cold War era, the U.S. and the Former Soviet Union promoted their own political ideologies by supporting various governments and rebel groups in Africa thanks to the economic globalization and free trade markets throughout the world, combatants in resource-rich areas could finance their wars.
When you talk about Africa you can’t generalize, all the regions are very different one from each other, for example when talking about South Africa
Has a long history of exotic people setting in the region, this have created considerable conflicts between the various groups and the indigenous population, it is hard to say that south Africa has a common national culture, because of the conflict and the ethnic diversity caused by migrations. Management practices are strongly modeled on British and the American system. When working with different ethnics it is necessary to work on the understanding.
Kenya and Nigeria are countries of Africa that has high Cultural diversity, cross-cultural influences on management styles, rapid Economic Growth, high Levels of Intra-African Immigration, presence of many indigenous groups and MNC´s Influence (FDI).
Nigeria has more than 200 ethnic groups, 500 dialects, the predominant religion is the Islam and Christianity, is rich in natural resources (oil, gas), and is a country with regulatory openness to foreign direct investment, it is consider an emerging economy and the business opportunities are growing and also with them the migration.
The MEND is the most important revel goupr in Nigeria. This group has 2 basic elements:
1. Ties with preexistent rebel movements.
2. Support of local population in fighting and in logistics.
MEND is not guerilla or terrorist group although they launch several attacks to achieve their most important goal: Weak the oil supply. Other of their goals is to raise international attention on the Delta issue and create an evocative contraposition.
" In January 2006 MEND was introduced to the world with an e-mail via which it intimidated oil
multinationals based in Niger Delta area and threatened the government with reducing the oil
exportation capacity to zero. From that moment, it efficiently orchestrated sabotage actions to
damage the oil wells and a long succession of kidnappings of multinational companies’ staff".
"MEND portrays itself as political organisation that wants a greater share of Nigeria’s oil revenues to go to the impoverished region that sits atop the oil. In fact, it is more of an umbrella organisation for several armed groups, which it sometimes pays in cash or guns to launch attacks".
For further information about this subject please follow the link: http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12267373
In Kenya 95% of the populations are natives, it counts with a ¨quadruple¨ cultural heritage that affects management; Arab-Muslim, Colonial (white), South Asian and Indigenous.
Some characteristics of the African management style are:
• They care about the interest of the group, they are highly collectivist
• Chiefs and elders have the power
• In the selection process they favor their families and friends
• They are a multiethnic culture
• And the seniority prevailed.
Information taken from the class presentations.
What is Ubuntu? How was it applied to support the merging process of the two companies? (3 examples)
Ubuntu means a strong sense of community, ¨Ubuntu¨ is premised on the philosophy that one’s find own humanity in helping others to find theirs, in other words I am a human because you are a human, it is commonly used by companies to create working environment that results beneficial to the company and the employees.
The African Bank Miners Credit had a challenge was to measure the efficacy of what they were doing, and also working for the recognitions and qualifications will bring them credibility to their market.
African Miners Credit has used drums as an important part of the Ubuntu process and every employee has been given a drum that was used to symbolize communication and loyalty. ¨Drums serve as a constant reminder of the importance of good communication and unity within the workplace. People have used drums since the dawn of the time to relay messages and tell stories; the drum unifies the community by moving to the same rhythm¨
The tale of the bird and the badger was used to explain the concept of growth, employees were told like the bird and the badger, we must strive to work together, because Ubuntu teach that what is good for us is good for you, and what is good for us is good for you.
The tale of how the elephant became so big was used to illustrate the concept of equality; employees were told the company was committed to building a workforce that represented the country’s demographics. Employees were told that just like the elephant, everyone has a potential, and though training and hard work, we could be able to achieve their goals.
Ubuntu by Nelson Mandela.
The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold nine years later brought an influx of “outlanders” into the republics. During the Cold War era, the U.S. and the Former Soviet Union promoted their own political ideologies by supporting various governments and rebel groups in Africa thanks to the economic globalization and free trade markets throughout the world, combatants in resource-rich areas could finance their wars.
When you talk about Africa you can’t generalize, all the regions are very different one from each other, for example when talking about South Africa
Has a long history of exotic people setting in the region, this have created considerable conflicts between the various groups and the indigenous population, it is hard to say that south Africa has a common national culture, because of the conflict and the ethnic diversity caused by migrations. Management practices are strongly modeled on British and the American system. When working with different ethnics it is necessary to work on the understanding.
Kenya and Nigeria are countries of Africa that has high Cultural diversity, cross-cultural influences on management styles, rapid Economic Growth, high Levels of Intra-African Immigration, presence of many indigenous groups and MNC´s Influence (FDI).
Nigeria has more than 200 ethnic groups, 500 dialects, the predominant religion is the Islam and Christianity, is rich in natural resources (oil, gas), and is a country with regulatory openness to foreign direct investment, it is consider an emerging economy and the business opportunities are growing and also with them the migration.
The MEND is the most important revel goupr in Nigeria. This group has 2 basic elements:
1. Ties with preexistent rebel movements.
2. Support of local population in fighting and in logistics.
MEND is not guerilla or terrorist group although they launch several attacks to achieve their most important goal: Weak the oil supply. Other of their goals is to raise international attention on the Delta issue and create an evocative contraposition.
" In January 2006 MEND was introduced to the world with an e-mail via which it intimidated oil
multinationals based in Niger Delta area and threatened the government with reducing the oil
exportation capacity to zero. From that moment, it efficiently orchestrated sabotage actions to
damage the oil wells and a long succession of kidnappings of multinational companies’ staff".
"MEND portrays itself as political organisation that wants a greater share of Nigeria’s oil revenues to go to the impoverished region that sits atop the oil. In fact, it is more of an umbrella organisation for several armed groups, which it sometimes pays in cash or guns to launch attacks".
For further information about this subject please follow the link: http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12267373
In Kenya 95% of the populations are natives, it counts with a ¨quadruple¨ cultural heritage that affects management; Arab-Muslim, Colonial (white), South Asian and Indigenous.
Some characteristics of the African management style are:
• They care about the interest of the group, they are highly collectivist
• Chiefs and elders have the power
• In the selection process they favor their families and friends
• They are a multiethnic culture
• And the seniority prevailed.
Information taken from the class presentations.
What is Ubuntu? How was it applied to support the merging process of the two companies? (3 examples)
Ubuntu means a strong sense of community, ¨Ubuntu¨ is premised on the philosophy that one’s find own humanity in helping others to find theirs, in other words I am a human because you are a human, it is commonly used by companies to create working environment that results beneficial to the company and the employees.
The African Bank Miners Credit had a challenge was to measure the efficacy of what they were doing, and also working for the recognitions and qualifications will bring them credibility to their market.
African Miners Credit has used drums as an important part of the Ubuntu process and every employee has been given a drum that was used to symbolize communication and loyalty. ¨Drums serve as a constant reminder of the importance of good communication and unity within the workplace. People have used drums since the dawn of the time to relay messages and tell stories; the drum unifies the community by moving to the same rhythm¨
The tale of the bird and the badger was used to explain the concept of growth, employees were told like the bird and the badger, we must strive to work together, because Ubuntu teach that what is good for us is good for you, and what is good for us is good for you.
The tale of how the elephant became so big was used to illustrate the concept of equality; employees were told the company was committed to building a workforce that represented the country’s demographics. Employees were told that just like the elephant, everyone has a potential, and though training and hard work, we could be able to achieve their goals.
Ubuntu by Nelson Mandela.
SOUTH ASIA
South Asia is formed by Afganistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldive Islands, and Sri Lanka. As it is obvious diversity is one of its main elements.
It is important to see how culture changes from one country to another, so as fallows there are some important aspects of some of the countries that are part of South Asia as one of the riches regions according to diversity.
AFGANISTAN
The languages are Dari or Pashtu, religion is one of their pillars, that is why part of their habits is to pray five times a day.
The biggest religion is Sunni Muslim 80%, followed by Shi'a Muslim 19%, and others just 1%. The Islam rules the personal, political, economic and legal activities of the Afghanis. It is not curious then that they have what is called Ramadan, one of their biggest celebrations, a holy month for them.
In their personal behavior Afganhis are very hospitable, which is essential for them, in order to represent what is very important for them: Honor.
BANGLADESH
Age an position is what defines hierarchy in this society. It is common, then, to see that to denote respect Bangladeshis will add a suffix to a name for this.
The biggest religion is Muslim 83%, followed by Hindu 16%, and others other 1%.
Its language is Bangla. There is a strong tradition of music, dance, and literature and that’s why festivals are so important.
PAKISTAN
Very similar to Afghanistan because of the Islam religion.
For them the most important is Family which is the basis of the social structure. Family is not only the nuclear family but also relatives and neighbors.
They like doing business and are highly skilled for doing so.
INDIA
India had become very important for South Asia because is a very pluralistic country, multilingual and a multiethnic society. Is also one of the most attractive markets for outsourcing in products and services from other countries, because a large population speaks English and the labor is very cheap. The Indian economy is very close to the western economies, friendly relationships the government and some overseas companies help to improve the stability of the country.
“For Indian companies, managing a diverse workforce is no longer a choice but an imperative” Managing India’s organizational culture: a salad bowl rather than a melting pot.
“The following are some important guidelines to manage diversity effectively:
* To consider female employee needs, such as child care and job sharing, to prevent their turnover.
* Commitment from top management towards value diversity is a pre-requisite.
* To arrange mentoring program by senior managers to identify promising women and minority employees and play an important role in nurturing their career progress.
* To arrange diversity training programmed to bring diversity awareness and educate employees on cultural and sex differences and how to respond to these in the workplace.
* There should be an apprenticeship program to train promising prospective employees properly before they are actually hired on a permanent basis.
* Employer should set up a support group to provide a nurturing climate for employees who would otherwise feel isolated or alienated.
* To conduct diversity audit to review the effectiveness of an organization's diversity management program.
* There should be a proper communication which includes speeches by senior executives, inclusion of diversity in corporate vision statements, the publication of diversity brochure and inclusion of diversity as a topic in new employee orientation.
* Managers need to be sensitive to the needs of working parents.”*
Guidelines taken from: http://www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC578/fc578.html March 2010 (Dr. Parimalendu Bandyopadhyay, Gunamoy Hazra, Kajol Goswami)
Most of the information was taken from the class presentations.
What do you think are the reasons behind the fast-growth outsourcing industry in India?
In the past two decades, India has been making sustained progress on a scale, size and pace that is unprecedented in its own history, dramatically improved literacy, emerged as a global player in information technology, business process outsourcing, telecommunications, and pharmaceuticals.
Some of the Reasons why India is a target market for outsourcing are: Quality and education, Language, Time zone, cheaper labor force, technological platforms, and some others.
India is now seen as a huge competition for workers around the world specially in United States, Reduce costs are one of the main reason of why to outsource specially in India, in India there are more access to skill people and at the time of the real day to day business this will give you an advantage from others, when you outsource to India you are going to be outsourcing to people highly educated often holding degrees from universities sometimes of the US. Clearly language and cultural barriers exist; the good people of India speak better English than the majority of Americans.
According to the Indian overview 2009, made by the world bank: : It is equally important the building of skills among India’s rapidly rising work force, whose ranks are joined by some 8-9 million new entrants each year. Presently, nearly 44 percent of India’s labor force is illiterate, only 17 percent has secondary schooling, and enrollment in higher education is a mere 11 percent. Moreover, the quality of most graduates is poor and employers offer very little upgrading of skills; only 16 percent of Indian manufacturers offer in-service training compared to over 90 percent in China. To help produce engineers of international standards, the World Bank has supported improvements in the quality of education in engineering institutes in 13 states. A project is now supporting 400 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) to become centers of excellence in technical skills that are in demand.
A good article to read about outsourcing in India: http://www.cio.com/article/146451/Seven_Reasons_Why_Outsourcing_to_India_is_Good_for_Your_Business?page=3&taxonomyId=3197
I also recommend to watch the movie ¨Outsourced¨
Outsourced is a modern day comedy of cross-cultural conflict and romance. Todd Anderson (Josh Hamilton) spends his days managing a customer call center in Seattle until his job, along with those of the entire office, are outsourced to India. Adding insult to injury, Todd must travel to India to train his new replacement. As he navigates through the chaos of Bombay and an office paralyzed by constant cultural misunderstandings, Todd yearns to return to the comforts of home. But it is through his team of quirky yet likable Indian call center workers, including his friendly and motivated replacement, Puro (Asif Basra), and the charming, opinionated Asha (Ayesha Dharker), that Todd realizes that he too has a lot to learn - not only about India and America, but about himself. He soon discovers that being outsourced may be the best thing that ever happened to him.
It is important to see how culture changes from one country to another, so as fallows there are some important aspects of some of the countries that are part of South Asia as one of the riches regions according to diversity.
AFGANISTAN
The languages are Dari or Pashtu, religion is one of their pillars, that is why part of their habits is to pray five times a day.
The biggest religion is Sunni Muslim 80%, followed by Shi'a Muslim 19%, and others just 1%. The Islam rules the personal, political, economic and legal activities of the Afghanis. It is not curious then that they have what is called Ramadan, one of their biggest celebrations, a holy month for them.
In their personal behavior Afganhis are very hospitable, which is essential for them, in order to represent what is very important for them: Honor.
BANGLADESH
Age an position is what defines hierarchy in this society. It is common, then, to see that to denote respect Bangladeshis will add a suffix to a name for this.
The biggest religion is Muslim 83%, followed by Hindu 16%, and others other 1%.
Its language is Bangla. There is a strong tradition of music, dance, and literature and that’s why festivals are so important.
PAKISTAN
Very similar to Afghanistan because of the Islam religion.
For them the most important is Family which is the basis of the social structure. Family is not only the nuclear family but also relatives and neighbors.
They like doing business and are highly skilled for doing so.
INDIA
India had become very important for South Asia because is a very pluralistic country, multilingual and a multiethnic society. Is also one of the most attractive markets for outsourcing in products and services from other countries, because a large population speaks English and the labor is very cheap. The Indian economy is very close to the western economies, friendly relationships the government and some overseas companies help to improve the stability of the country.
“For Indian companies, managing a diverse workforce is no longer a choice but an imperative” Managing India’s organizational culture: a salad bowl rather than a melting pot.
“The following are some important guidelines to manage diversity effectively:
* To consider female employee needs, such as child care and job sharing, to prevent their turnover.
* Commitment from top management towards value diversity is a pre-requisite.
* To arrange mentoring program by senior managers to identify promising women and minority employees and play an important role in nurturing their career progress.
* To arrange diversity training programmed to bring diversity awareness and educate employees on cultural and sex differences and how to respond to these in the workplace.
* There should be an apprenticeship program to train promising prospective employees properly before they are actually hired on a permanent basis.
* Employer should set up a support group to provide a nurturing climate for employees who would otherwise feel isolated or alienated.
* To conduct diversity audit to review the effectiveness of an organization's diversity management program.
* There should be a proper communication which includes speeches by senior executives, inclusion of diversity in corporate vision statements, the publication of diversity brochure and inclusion of diversity as a topic in new employee orientation.
* Managers need to be sensitive to the needs of working parents.”*
Guidelines taken from: http://www.indianmba.com/Faculty_Column/FC578/fc578.html March 2010 (Dr. Parimalendu Bandyopadhyay, Gunamoy Hazra, Kajol Goswami)
Most of the information was taken from the class presentations.
What do you think are the reasons behind the fast-growth outsourcing industry in India?
In the past two decades, India has been making sustained progress on a scale, size and pace that is unprecedented in its own history, dramatically improved literacy, emerged as a global player in information technology, business process outsourcing, telecommunications, and pharmaceuticals.
Some of the Reasons why India is a target market for outsourcing are: Quality and education, Language, Time zone, cheaper labor force, technological platforms, and some others.
India is now seen as a huge competition for workers around the world specially in United States, Reduce costs are one of the main reason of why to outsource specially in India, in India there are more access to skill people and at the time of the real day to day business this will give you an advantage from others, when you outsource to India you are going to be outsourcing to people highly educated often holding degrees from universities sometimes of the US. Clearly language and cultural barriers exist; the good people of India speak better English than the majority of Americans.
According to the Indian overview 2009, made by the world bank: : It is equally important the building of skills among India’s rapidly rising work force, whose ranks are joined by some 8-9 million new entrants each year. Presently, nearly 44 percent of India’s labor force is illiterate, only 17 percent has secondary schooling, and enrollment in higher education is a mere 11 percent. Moreover, the quality of most graduates is poor and employers offer very little upgrading of skills; only 16 percent of Indian manufacturers offer in-service training compared to over 90 percent in China. To help produce engineers of international standards, the World Bank has supported improvements in the quality of education in engineering institutes in 13 states. A project is now supporting 400 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) to become centers of excellence in technical skills that are in demand.
A good article to read about outsourcing in India: http://www.cio.com/article/146451/Seven_Reasons_Why_Outsourcing_to_India_is_Good_for_Your_Business?page=3&taxonomyId=3197
I also recommend to watch the movie ¨Outsourced¨
Outsourced is a modern day comedy of cross-cultural conflict and romance. Todd Anderson (Josh Hamilton) spends his days managing a customer call center in Seattle until his job, along with those of the entire office, are outsourced to India. Adding insult to injury, Todd must travel to India to train his new replacement. As he navigates through the chaos of Bombay and an office paralyzed by constant cultural misunderstandings, Todd yearns to return to the comforts of home. But it is through his team of quirky yet likable Indian call center workers, including his friendly and motivated replacement, Puro (Asif Basra), and the charming, opinionated Asha (Ayesha Dharker), that Todd realizes that he too has a lot to learn - not only about India and America, but about himself. He soon discovers that being outsourced may be the best thing that ever happened to him.
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